Monograph No. 60
MEMOIRS OF THE NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE NUMBER XI
ENGLISH SUMMARY
RESEARCH REPORT OF THE NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE No.60
NARA 2000
CONTENTS
Shun’ichi KAWAGOE: Observation on the Age of the City Grid at the Fujiwara Capital 1
Yoshinori HASHIMOTO: Tentative Observations on the Construction of the Fujiwara Capital: A Reexamination of Historic Materials on the Fujiwara Capital Construction and the Name of the Capital 33
Hiroshi HANATANI: On 24 Temples in the Ancient Capital 77
Tadashi KUROSAKI: The Extent and Nature of the Fujiwara Palace and Capital 203
Summarized Data on the Grid Pattern of the Fujiwara Palace 227
Catalog of Articles on the Fujiwara Palace and Capital 273
Observation on the Age of the City Grid at the Fujiwara Capital
Shun’ichi KAWAGOE
The purpose of this contribution is to provide basic chronological data for the “Dai Fujiwara Kyo [Greater Fujiwara Capital]” debate, by organizing the chronological periods of artifacts, based primarily on pottery, recovered from the Fujiwara Capital as defined by the Kishi Theory, and the Greater Fujiwara Capital extending beyond it. The reason for this endeavor is because the component of ascertaining the chronology by analyzing the artifacts recovered from the site is felt to be lacking, and the debate is thus proceeding without this work being done. In this regard, a chronological assessment was made of pottery, representing the largest portion of artifacts from the Fujiwara Capital of the Kishi Theory and the Greater Fujiwara Capital, unearthed from street gutters showing continuous use as part of the city grid. As a prerequisite for presenting these basic chronological data, a reexamination of the chronological framework based on the traditional ceramic typology is of course necessary. In this regard, the sequence of chronological phases is revised, while retaining the traditional type names but not dividing the seventh century into four quarters, as: Asuka I (590s to 640s), Asuka II (640s to 660s). Asuka III (660s to 670s), Asuka IV (670s to 690s and the move to the Fujiwara Capital), and Asuka V (Fujiwara Capital era).
The pottery examined consists of items recovered from gutters lining the city grid streets at forty sites recognized to date as belonging to the Greater Fujiwara Capital, including the capital district as defined by the Kishi Theory. Based on differences in their locations, the gutters can be divided into the four groups of: earlier street gutters within the Fujiwara Palace precinct, earlier gutters within the Fujiwara Capital district, gutters of the Fujiwara Palace of the Kishi Theory, gutters of the Greater Fujiwara Palace, with the first two being filled in prior to the latter two. As a result of detailed examinations of the chronological ages of pottery from these features, and excluding pottery from the sixth century or earlier, it has become clear that: (1) pottery is present from the Asuka I-V phases, along with pottery postdating the abandonment of the Fujiwara Capital, (2) with regard to topographic features, Asuka IV and V are directly related to the period in which the street grid was established, while Asuka I to III are not directly related to it, (3) Asuka IV pottery is not limited to either the Fujiwara Capital of the Kishi Theory or the Greater Fujiwara Capital, and (4) pottery postdating the abandonment of the Fujiwara Capital is seen as indicating that some of the gutters were used as watercourses even after they had ceased functioning in their original capacity as part of the city grid.
In this manner, the conclusions obtained through an analysis of the unearthed pottery are: that construction of the city grid began in the time of the Temmu Court (Asuka IV in the pottery typology); that although appearing at first to be chronologically distinct, the construction of the earlier street grid of the Capital and Palace, and of the grids of the Kishi Theory and Greater Fujiwara Palace, took place at approximately the same time; and that in terms of their times of abandonment, the earlier grid features within the Palace and Capital districts being excepted, the city grid fell into disuse at approximately the same time that the Fujiwara Capital was abandoned.
Tentative Observations on the Construction of the Fujiwara Capital: A Reexamination of Historic Materials on the Fujiwara Capital Construction and the Name of the Capital
Yoshinori HASHIMOTO
Today the capital associated with the Fujiwara Palace is called the “Fujiwara Capital,” a scholarly term first employed by Kita Sadakichi and not seen in historic documents of the time, in which it is only referred to by common nouns for “capital” such as kyo or keishi. This is because the capital which accompanied the Fujiwara Palace in fact did not have a specific name, a fact thought to indicate further the status of the “Fujiwara Capital” at the time, and especially its position as the immovable seat of the Ritsuryo state.
From an examination and systematization of the historic materials, beginning with the Nikon skoki, the following stages for the construction of the Fujiwara Capital can be inferred, beginning from the time of the Jinshin War in 672 AD.
(1) In 676, Emperor Temmu planned the construction of a new capital (“niiki”), and had the district for it laid out, but the plan fell through.
(2) Temmu did not relinquish his plans for construction of a capital, and in 682 work on the capital (niiki) began anew.
(3) Construction of the new capital (niiki) proceeded smoothly in parallel with that of the secondary capital at Naniwa, and in 685 the area for the palace site was laid out within the capital district.
(4) With the Emperor's death in 686, the plan for building the capital suffered a setback.
(5) After the funerary rites ended in 690, and with the ascension of Empress Jito, plans for construction of the capital proceeded in accordance with the design selected by Temmu, and details were drawn up for the Fujiwara Palace as the new imperial domicile.
(6) As construction began, preparations were made for a new capital district (aramashi no miyako). Finally, construction of the Fujiwara Palace neared completion in 693, and Empress Jito relocated the imperial household there.
(7) Work continued on the Fujiwara Capital, as the center of the Ritsuryo state, which was divided into the Left and Right Capitals with the enactment of the Taiho Code, and the furnishing of various facilities related to the capital continued in gradual fashion, but the completion of a Fujiwara Capital in which the land and the people were in organic union took place only in the first year of the Keiun era (704).
In the above manner, the process by which the Fujiwara Capital was built tells how the capital was constructed on the premise of the palace being built first, which accords with the use of a special name for the palace but the capital being referred to with an ordinary noun, and it is conceivable that consideration was given to the possibility that the palace could move within a capital that stood as the immovable seat of the state.
On 24 Temples in the Ancient Capital
Hiroshi HANATANI
The oldest capital site in Japan (called Fujiwara capital lately) was constructed with grid street plan called Jo-bo-sei, following to the ancient Chinese street plan. According to the document of the May first in 680 of the Nihon shoki, 24 temples were located inside the capital site. Therefor the identification of the 24 temples was considered to provide critical clues to determine when and how broad the capital site was constructed.
According to the other document, Moto-Yakushiji temple was begun to construct from 680. Then the 24 temples were tried to identify with the temple sites older than the Moto-Yakushiji temple, based on the excavated roof tablets and the temple site arrangements. In this article the 24 temples were examined and the 20 temples were identified.
The recent research for the capital site, however, reveal that the width of the capital site was 5.6 km. The 24 temples could not be identified without including the Aska region.
The research of the Moto-Yakushiji temple site revealed that The Jo-bo street plan had been constructed before the Moto-Yakushiji temple was build. So the capital site was possible to be initiated in 670’s.
The Extent and Nature of the Fujiwara Palace and Capital
Tadashi KUROSAKI
Thirty years have now passed since excavations were re-initiated at the Fujiwara Palace and Capital sites in 1965. There have been many valuable discoveries regarding the Palace and Capital during that time. This paper is an attempt to reconstruct, while organizing the fruits of these dispersed excavations, the extent and nature of the Fujiwara Capital, the first planned city in Japan.
The extent of the Fujiwara Palace, where the Emperor resided and conducted the affairs of state, was basically established by 1970, based on excavations of the Great Wall and moat surrounding the palace precinct. But with regard to the Fujiwara Capital built around it, there were several theories with no clear-cut resolution. Among these, based on excavations of East and West Tenth Avenue in 1996, a proposed 5.3 km square reconstruction centering on the Palace came to be regarded as the most likely candidate, but problems were pointed out concerning the date of its establishment and its extent, leaving room for further consideration.
In this contribution, which takes a grid for land division of 12 ri (6.4 km) square centered on the Palace as the base, a T-shaped area (6.4 km east-west, 5.3 km north-south) is proposed for the Fujiwara Capital district (Figure 1) by adjusting the southern half, which contains hilly areas. It is thought that the basic design of the city plan was drawn up around the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Temmu (676), that the street grid was set up by the time of the relocation to Fujiwara Palace in the eighth year of the reign of Empress Jito, and that by the first year of the Keiun era of Emperor Mommu’s Court (704), preparation of the residential lots within the capital had been completed.
A square capital centered on the palace is the ideal form of the ancient city as noted in the Chinese classic text Shurai. Temmu’s attempt was to build this ideal capital in Japan, which had never been actualized in China itself, as the “Emperor’s Capital.” In all likelihood, the intent of this act must be understood in terms of East Asian international relations. But the T’ang capital of Ch’ang An, seen by envoys once the T’ang missions were resumed in 702, was a rectangular capital having the palace at the northern end, and the details of the plan also differed. The Fujiwara Palace and Capital had been built too close to the ideal. Thus it was that sixteen years after the move to Fujiwara, the capital was again changed to Heijo in Nara, modeled after Ch’ang An.
2000年3月30日発行
研究論集 XI
奈良国立文化財研究所学報 第60冊
