Monograph No. 58
MEMOIRS of THE NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE NUMBER X
ENGLISH SUMMARY
RESERCH REPORT OF THE NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE No.58
NARA 1999
CONTENTS
ONO Kenkichi
The Historical Change of People’s View on the Landscape of Narabigaoka (322)
NISHIDA Masanori
Changes of Landscape View in the Seto Inland Sea (323)
KIRII Masayuki
The Historical Change of People’s View on the Landscape of Yoshino (323)
HIRASAWA Tsuyoshi
Development of idea for noted places before the existence of the Sights in Edo City, and cultural landscape. (324)
ONO Sawako
Changing Landscape of Tsukigase Ume Orchard in the Modern Times (325)
UCHIDA Kazunobu
The career and landscape of ancient temple sites and palace sites in modern times (326)
MARUYAMA Hiroshi
The Protection Policy for Places of Scenic Beauty in Kyoto in Modern Ages. (326)
AKASAKA Makoto
Intent of Introduction of German Thought “Heimatschutz” into Japan of Taisho Period (1912-26) (328)
YAMASMITA Shinichirou
History of the Yamato-sanzan mountains as a meishochi, a famous site - column
YASUHARA Keiji
Some considerations on the conservation and its administration of Places of Senic Beauty (329)
TAKASE Youichi
The sanctity mountain “Mikasa-yama” as “Cultural Landscape” of World Heritage (329)
NAKAJIMA Yoshiharu
The cultural value of landscape of rice terraces - column
FUJIMOTO Takashi
Conservation of Agricultural Landscape with Cultural Background (330)
MOTONAKA Makoto
The Continuum between “Culture” and “Nature” - In The Concept of Cultural Landscapes under the World Heritage Convention (331)
The Historical Change of People's View on the Landscape of Narabigaoka
ONO Kenkichi
Division of Asuka/Fujiwara Palace Site Investigations, Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute
Narabigaoka is a 116-meter-high hill situated in the western part of the Kyoto Basin, and has been a landmark in this area. In this paper, I adress the question, how people’s view on the landscape of Narabigaoka had changed from ancient times to early modern times? I used the historic documents mainly, archaeological and pictorial materials subsidiarily for the examination. The conclusion is as followings.
People settled in the Kyoto Basin and began rice farming in the early Yayoi Period. From that time on, they viewed Narabigaoka as the seat of the gods. When the Hata’s ruled the basin from the late 5th century to the early 7th century, people viewed it as the realm-viewing spot by the ruling class. After the construction of Narabigaoka no. 1 tumulus in the early 7th century, they began to view it as the funeral place or the place with the image of the world after death.
The capital was moved to Kyoto in 794, and people's view on Narabigaoka changed drastically. First they viewed the hill as the boundary of the capital because it was used as the western border at the construction of the capital. Some aristocrats found scenic beauty there and made villas around the hill in the early Heian Period (the 9th century). In the middle of the Heian Period (the 11th century), it was covered with pine trees because of people’s activity such as gathering firewood and they viewed it as the outskirt of the capital.
In the Kamakura Period (the 13-14th century), Narabigaoka was frequently sung in Japanese poems. Together with the spread of the legend that Kenko, the author of the famous essay “Tsurezure-gusa”, lived at the foot of the hill, they viewed it as a retirement maybe after the Muromachi Period (the 14-15th century). Narabigaoka was drawn as a pine-dotted hill in some Rakuchu-rakugaizu folding screens produced in the 16th and 17th centuries. It shows that they viewed it as a familiar country hill at that time.
Changes of landscape view in the Seto Inland Sea
NISHIDA Masanori
Kyoto National Garden Office, Environment Agency
Innumerable westerners arrived in Japan from the end of Edo era to the Meiji era. Many of them sailed through the Seto Inland Sea and admired the Inland Sea landscape. Many westerners admired the landscape from the points of modern landscape view since Siebold did in the 19th century, and bequeathed many descriptions of the admiration in the books such as travel accounts. The Japanese appreciated the landscape with quotation from the admiration in the late Meiji era. Therefore the Japanese discovered and popularized the new landscape of the Seto Inland Sea in the late Meiji era. On the arrival of the modern ages, the Japanese changed their eyes to the landscape of the Seto Inland Sea. They shifted their eyes from the traditional landscape of noted places of poems, and historical interest, to the modern landscape of inland sea and archipelago. We can understand this emergence of the modern landscape in the Seto Inland Sea from books of travels, landscape and region of those days. This paper traces this process of discovery and popularization, through analyses of descriptions related to the admiration of the Inland Sea landscape.
The Historical Change of People's View on the Landscape of Yoshino
KIRII Masayuki
Yoshino Town, ret.
In ancient times, particular high mountains were believed to contain the divinity. People in the Yoshino Palace would worship the “Aonegamine”, a mountain in Yoshino, as the “Kamnabi” where their god was enshrined. Since Buddhism grew popular, they came to scarcely ever look up to and worship the “Aonegamine”. The “Kaihuso” and the “Man’yoshu” poetry anthology of the Nara period contain many poetry concerned with Yoshino. The poets of the time compared Yoshino to “Shinsenkyo” under the influence of Taoism. When the Heian era came, cherry blossoms in Yoshino became famous and were used as an “Utamakura” epithet of the sights of cherry blossoms. The number of cherry trees in Yoshino increased as a result of having connection with “Shugendo”, a religion of the mountain. In the Edo period, not only writers and artists but common people loved cherry blossoms in Yoshino very much. After the Meiji eracherry blossoms in Yoshino often faced crises of their continuance but both the governments and private citizens have preserved them.
Development of idea for noted places before the existence of the Sights in Edo City, and cultural landscape.
HIRASAWA Tsuyoshi
Monuments and Sites Division. Cultural Properties Protection Department, Agency for Cultural Affairs
The aim of this paper is to attempt to make a study of some notions about ‘cultural landscape’, through with several examinations on a trend of ideas that had been made up in literatures for noted places by the early of the Edo Period in Japan, and on some theories about, experience, landscape and culture.
The beginning of ideas for noted places in Japan, is found with ‘Utamakura’ within traditional Japanese poetry in ancient times. In those days, the ideas were influenced by that consisted with expressions of emotions that had been made by limited people. In the Medieval Period, especially with beginning of Kamakura shogunate, as people had increased who came and went between Eastern Area making a center on Kamakura and Western Area making a center on Kyoto, more and more people had practically experienced ‘Utamakura’ as noted places known almost, only with a traditional Japanese poetry thirty-one syllables and some painted images of that. It developed through with the trend that many people became to describe their practical experiences of ‘Utamakura’ and so on, mainly with accounts of journeys to Eastern Area. That is as a result, people learned to get a variety of detailed information with some practical experiences. It can peculiarly be looked over some relations between the process of the constructing Edo City and the development of many guide-books for noted places in Edo City, that ideas of noted places had been popularization basically on practical experiences.
It can be found that metaborical processes on developing ideas of noted places. Keeping this respect in mind, in the latter half of this paper, it is attempted to consider through with some relations between several ideas of landscape and experiences, and concepts of ‘landscape’ in various cultures and various learned fields. As a result of this attempt, this paper has a standpoint that landscape is the outline to grasp surroundings. From this standpoint, substance of ‘cultural landscape’ is to be defined with the idea on landscape of each race and each era. Considering the circumstances mentioned above, there’s, as a conclusion, an opinion for ‘Landscape Heritage’ in World Heritage.
Changing Landscape of Tsukigase Ume Orchard in the Modern Times
ONO Sawako
Department of Environmental Science and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University
Tsukigase bears some parallels to the Lake District: Both of them were located in a remote mountain area and noted for their scenic beauty, and they were discovered from the late 18th century to the early 19th century and attracted many tourists, Poetry and literature popularlized the area.
However, Tsukigase lost its scenic beauty in 1968 because of a dam construction, while the Lake District has been attracting many turists until now.
Tracing their history shows some differences as follows:
1. The influential poetry and literary works in Tsukigase were made by outsiders but in the Lake District by the residents.
2. The authority lead the programs to promote the area in Tsukigase, while community people took place many activities/movements for the area in the Lake District.
3. Tsukigase has been keeping an image of the area as a flower viewing site, while the classic image of the lakes has been changed with the times.
The career and landscape of ancient temple sites and palace sites in modern times
UCHIDA Kazunobu
Division of Heijo Palace Site Investigations, Nara National Cultural Properties Resarch Institute
People of modern times had various impressions on or relationships to temple sites of ancient times. For example they regarded such remains as magical objects, historic treasures, materials, or object of historic study. People recognized various landscapes on the sites.
On the other hand, palace sites of ancient times were discovered scientifically on the rice feilds and so on, by the place name or the trace which is left on the ground. But the function of palace sites changed to a device of enforcement of national prestige boost durring30’s Meiji. Some communities built monuments and shrines, repaired and displaied remains on the palace sites in order to manifest the palace and Tennou who rendered great service to the nation. The landscape on the palace sites was enforced to change to the national landscape by the national sturucture (the ideology of Tenno system).
Sites aren’t only histric monument but also cultural whole which has its career in collection with origin character.
The Protection Policy for Places of Scenic Beauty in Kyoto in Modern Ages.
MARUYAMA Hiroshi
Department of Biological Resource, College of Agriculture, Meijo University
The old shrine and temple preservation act, which was proclaimed in 1897, included the article (article 19) concerned with preservation of scenic beauties. But it had been actually put into operation. Afterward the preservation act for historic sites, scenic beauties and natural monuments was proclaimed in 1919. It means that the protection policy for places of scenic beauty entered into a carry of the government one. However, the local self-government bodies had been protecting scenic beauty places because of the local economic promotion. Some organizations, called ‘Ho-sho-kai’ (societies for preserving scenic beauty places), had been established before enforcing the act.
By the way, originally many scenic beauty places had belonged to shrines and temples, especially in Kyoto. By the land act in 1871, the government forfeited the shrine and temple domeins. Then in 1875, even forest lands which had belonged to shrine and temple precincts, were forfeited by the regulations. But we can know the fact that forfeited forests of shrines and temples had been preserved as scenic beauty forests by the 1872 act on the precincts in Kyoto. In Kyoto Pref. the total forest area for preserving scenic beauty was about 2,605 ha, which was equal to 81% of the national forest lands.
In 1890 Kitagaki, K., the third governor of Kyoto Pref., emphasized the significance of the economic effects on the scenic beauty forests as resources of tourism in Kyoto in some meeting.
Main forfeited forests in Kyoto Pref. had become national forests in 1889. Before then these forests had been within the jurisdiction of Kyoto Pref. but were transferred to the control of the Forestry Agency under the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. Kyoto Pref. Assembly proposed to the governor to put the scenic beauty forests under the management of them. But finally this proposal wasn’t admitted by the central government.
On the other hand, seeing from the forestry policy, the forest act was proclaimed in 1897 and scenic beauty forest protection was regulated in the rule on the preservation forests by the article. However, by making legislations, it is certain that the carry area was reduced.
Intent of Introduction of German Thought “Heimatschutz”
into Japan of Taisho Period (1912-26)
AKASAKA Makoto
Department of Environmental Science and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University
The industrializaion age brought extreme change of social structure and critical situation on the side of natural environment and regional culture. If means the age of vanishing cultural landscape. A civil movement “Heimatschutz” for the preservation of regional culture (traditional custom and natural or historic momument etc.) rose up at the turn of the century in Germany. Already International conferences for the problems held in European countries. Japanese researcher G.ISHIBASHI visited an international conference, which held 1912 in Stuttgart. He presented the movement “Heimatschutz” in professional journal in Japan and made mention of two different viewpoints in that movement: aesthetic, romantic, regionalistic or nationalistic (emotional) side and in historic momument or natural scientific interested aspect. K.KUROITA, historian, who studied in Europe and already knew more about the movement, commented the report of ISHIBASHI. He asserted himself, that, the nation’s brightness and cheerfulness should be raised by force of the emotion for homeland or own country. According to the idea of KUROITA, traditional and popular site of monument should be preserved, even if it were legendary or fictional. The idea of KUROITA concerning the preservation, that allowed something fictional, did for the boom of seeking holly monuments relevant to Emperor’s legend and contributed to breed the concept vom Heiligen Japanischen Kaiserreich.
Some considerations on the conservation and its administration of Places of Senic Beauty
YASUHARA Keiji
Monuments and Sites Division, Cultural Properties Protection Department, Agency for Cultural Affairs
“Meisyoh” (Places of Senic Beauty) is a kind of the cultural properties of Japan. The Law for the Pretection of Cultural Properties (operated from 1950) succeeds the old law (The Law for the Protection of Historical Sites, Places of Senic Beauty, Natural Monument: operated from 1919 till 1950). From 1919 to nowadays, Japanese Government has designated a lot of Places of Senic Beauty. They are classified two categories; designed landscapes like Japanese traditional gardens and cultural landscapes like “Mount Fuji” and so on. In this paper, the writer explains the history of the Law and its administration, the definition of Places of Senic Beauty, the principle of the designation of them, and proposes a new concept for conservating Places of Senic Beauty toward the future.
The sanctity mountain “Mikasa-yama” as “Cultural Landscape” of World Heritage
TAKASE Youichi
Division of Heijo Palace Site Investigations, Nara National Cultural Properties Resarch Institute
Kasuga-Taisha Shrine and Mikasa-yama which is located behind the shrine buildings and the hills of Kasuga-yama have been registered on World Heritage List of UNESCO as “Cultural Landscape” since December1998. Since the area of Mikasa-yama began to be revered and conserved as a sacred zone from acient times, the present forest has been formed and kept like a primeval forest. Therefore, it is recognized its worth. But the vegetation of Mikasa-yama and Kasuga-yama are different now. As a result of examination of historical materials, it has been cleared that it is caused by the history of forests preservation in both zones.
Conservation of Agricultural Landscape with Cultural Background
FUJIMOTO Takashi
Nara Agricultural Experiment Station
Japanese paddy agriculture has been raised by Monsoon climate that brings a lot of rain. The rain, which falls in the steep mountainous country, flows at a time. The Japanese people have been making efforts to keep the rainwater on the country and prevent flood. Then, the agriculture, which has been raised by such relations between mankind and nature, has provided not only food but also rural amenities. They can be called the semi-nature. Agricultural landscape is one of those amenities.
However, recently, such agricultural landscape is disappearing. In other words, traditional paddies have been decreasing by the abandonment of cultivation, the diversion to the city site and paddy consolidation.
So, this paper discusses the political means for conservation of agricultural landscape with cultural background. Firstly, this paper shows evaluation of rural amenities by the people. Most of people admit that paddy agriculture provide those amenities. Especially, the provision of nostalgia is evaluated high. In other words, people don't evaluate those amenities as a mere green space but also culture. Secondly, this paper discusses a character of agricultural landscape as an economical good. Agricultural landscape is a public good. Thirdly, this paper shows political means to preserve agricultural landscape. Those means can be classified market utilizing means (such as charging for user and development of value added goods by agricultural landscape) and policy utilizing means (such as regulation, economical incentive and public land purchase). Fourthly, this paper shows case study of Asuka village where many people visit from urban areas to enjoy historical landscape. The landscape is provided by the harmony of the traditional paddies and historical inheritances. In order to preserve the landscape, the government applied the scheme preserving paddies from urbanization. On one side the scheme restricts land-use, on the other side the scheme prepares the system of public purchase of such paddies.
The Continuum between “Culture” and “Nature”
- In The Concept of Cultural Landscapes under the World Heritage Convention -
MOTONAKA Makoto
Monuments and Sites Division, Cultural Properties Protection Department, Agency for Cultural Affairs
This report is regarding the concept of cultural landscapes which was introduced to the World Heritage Convention in 1992, as the broader category linking between cultural and natural heritage. The chapter 1 of this report refers to the content of the Convention, the process of drafting the Convention, and many subjects discussed and observed by the World Heritage Committee in recent 25 years. The chapter 2 reviews the concept of cultural landscapes introduced under the Convention and any challenging approaches in the examination of nominations of cultural and natural sites to the World Heritage List. It also provides the brief description of cultural sites already inscribed on the List as cultural landscapes, and other cultural and natural sites possibly considered as cultural landscapes among those already inscribed on the List. Finally, general principles and subjects on the World heritage Cultural Landscapes are mentioned in the conclusion of this report.
1999年12月25日発行
研究論集X
奈良国立文化財研究所学報 第58冊
