Monograph No. 47
No.47 MEMOIRS of THE NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE NUMBER Ⅱ（1989）
ENGLISH SUMMARY
RESEARCH REPORT OF THE NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE No. 47
CONTENTS
ASAKAWA Shigeo : Drawings and Models of the House in the Bronze Aged Culture of South-west China and South-east Asia 1
UENO Kunikazu : Town Houses in “Shukuezu”, Old Drawings in Kiso 29
OKADA Hideo : On the Planning of the Monastery Compound in 7th Century (Asuka-period in Japan) 53
KAMEI Nobuo : Historic Study on the Construction Process of Imai-cho 99
SHIMIZU Shinichi : Japanese Architectural World in 15·6th Century Judging from Numbering Systems 131
YAMAGISHI Tsuneto : On the Space and Manners of Worshipping at Temples in Medieval Japan 169
MIYAMOTO Nagajiro : Architectural Analysis of the Pit-dwelling House in Tomb-period 199
Drawings and Models of the House in the Bronze Aged Culture of South-west China and South-east Asia
by ASAKAWA, Shigeo
This is an essay on drawings and models of the house expressed on the bronze drums and vessels in south-west China and south-east Asia.
From the view of the architectual structure, these houses have two common elements, which are the ship shaped roof and piled floor. Besides, some houses have the central post which supports the ridgepole. If it is possible to depend on these limited data, the house type without this central post is prior to the house type with it. While that one is distinguished before the age of Han dynasty (B.D.2c), this one is popular in the age of Han dynasty. We must pay attention to the fact that the houses similar to these drawings and models are densely distributed in Indonesia and ancient Japan.
In addition to the architectual analysis, 1 tried to extract the symbolism of these houses. Judging from the house drawings on the early bronze drums, and comparing them with the real customed houses and cosmology of Indonesia and Micronesia, it is possible that the spatial structure of these houses reflects the native concept for death. Its concept is that the spirit of a dead person, boarding a ship and lead by the frigate-bird, ascends to heaven.
Town Houses in “Shukuezu”, Old Drawings in Kiso
by UENO, Kunikazu
I can find many informations of town houses in “Shuku-e-zu” (old drawings of post towns) at eleven post towns in Kiso valley, Nagano Pref. In this paper, I study on the relation between the tax and houses, and on plan-types of houses. I concider old names of rooms in their drawings.
During Edo period, a merchant in post town had two obligations, one was the land tax and the other was the traffic tax, namely to offer a horse or a carrier for public passengers. The “maguchi” (the frontage length of a site) had the relation to the degree of the tax, namely the “maguchi” of four-ken and half (about 8.1m) is the borderline between the complete and the half of the tax.
Noticing the place of the Doma (the earth floor) in the house, I create three plan-types of the town house as follows.
A Doma is through one side of the house, and its variation.
B Doma is through center in the house
C other
Further I can find three types of A1, A2, and A3 in A plan-type, A1-type has one row of rooms and A2-type has two rows of rooms. A1-type and A2-type occupied almost of A plan-type houses.
B plan-type were found not only in Kiso valley, but also in other town. B plan-type is not main type of town house, however, is unique plan that they do not ignore. B plan-type has two devided space, namely the dwelling space and the guest space by the Doma. The owner of this plan is concidered that he had the occupation for need the guest space.
The “maguchi”, the social position of a merchant decided the location in post town, and they had the influence on the design of the town house.
On the Planning of the Monastery Compound in 7th Century (Asuka-period in Japan)
by OKADA, Hideo
Horyu-ji monastery compound, built in latter half of 7th century, is the oldest existing architecture in Japan. Moreover, we have many sites of first monastery compounds such as Asuka-dera, Ikaruga-dera (original Horyu-ji; Wakakusa Garan), Shitenno-ji, and Yamada-dera. They have been excavated to reveal various aspects of their plannings.
I formerly examined arrangement and scale of each building of Horyu-ji, and declared that total planning method was quite skillful. In Asuka-dera and also in Yamada-dera, the standard distance was 300 feet; (equal to some 106 meters) of that time (Komajaku), and 1/2, 1/4, 3/4, of it was applied to the arrangement. In Shitenno-ji, the standard was 400 feet, but the method was same. As the scale of main hall and pagoda were also similar each other, so I assumed that the architectural style of them was same from Asuka-dera, the first one, to Horyu-ji, and the last one was most refined.
In addition, I restored the distances between pillars of each buildings and their arrangement in the sites, and referred to signicance of Mokoshi, or the lean-to of main hall and pagoda.
Historic Study on the Construction Process of Imai-cho
by KAMEI, Nobuo
Imai-cho, which locates in the southern part of Nara basin, is known as one of the well-preserved historic towns in our country.
Before the middle of 16th century, Imai had been only a small village in this rural region and developed newly to a market town in a brief period according to the religious advance to South Yamato provinces by Jodo-shinsyu sect.
The present town plan of Imai-cho is almost a square form in about 600 meters, east to west, by 300 meters, south to north. And the urban stractures such as streets and draining ditches have been well-preserved in original forms, though the ditches which once surrounded around the town buried to a circular road.
The urban structure of the town has a little bit different quality in each zone and Imai’s urban area is considered to be formed of the following five zones, Nishi-machi zone, Central Zone, Saiko-ji temple zone, East zone and Kita-sonbo zone.
I conclude the Imai-cho had been constructed through gradual process as follows.
The original village form was included in Nishi-machi zone, and before Imai began to develop to a market town, a small village had been built in the Saiko-ji temple zone. A new development area was planned between two villages to connect the strees, and east zone was formed later. Finally the Kita-sonbo zone was built up in the end of 16th century.
Japanese Architectural World in 15-16th Century Judging from Numbering Systems
by SHIMIZU, Shinichi
Banzuke is a sign written on members to locate them exactly under construction. In the Muromachi period, mawari-banzuke (turn around system), ziko-banzuke (turn up system) and kumiawase-banzuke (rectangular coordinate system) were designed. These new systems were expressed only by numbers. So I call them numbering systems.
As the hidden roof framework above the ceiling or above the exposed roof framework had been already generalized, the floor plan became more flexible and the construction required to be high degree of accuracy. Then, hidden roof framework gave occasion to design of new systems.
From the difference of numbering systems, we know the phase of the local society or cultural exchange on architecture. Since the first stage of 15th century at latest, regional difference had appeared and which means the rise of regional architectural world.
Turn up system was designed at Kyoto, and spread out along main road to east or west. Turn around system was widely distributed out of Kinki district, and used only at outside of building in the early years, and frequently mixed with houi-banzuke (direction system) expressed by the direction. These reveals that turn around system was comparatively old style. It had been probably used in Kyoto too before designing turn up system.
Rectangular coordinate system had been used in limited region as Hyogo or Niigata prefecture. The order of numbering gave priority at the depth of the building in Hyogo, but at the lengthwise direction in Niigata.
These numbering systems had been mainly used at framework of building, and gradually used at roof framework. But in the later Momoyama period, new type of rectangular coordinate system expressed by kana for one axis and numbers for the other axis was designed as the exclusive use for the roof framework in Kyoto. It means that roof construction had been perfectly separated from framework of building.
Kyoto’s carpenters who designed new systems in succession were in contrast with Nara’s carpenters who stuck to traditional direction system since the Nara period.
On the Space and Manners of Worshipping at Temples in Medieval Japan
by YAMAGISHI, Tsuneto
By analyzing Ishiyama-dera Engi Emaki (scroll painting which narrate historical and legendary stories concerning Ishiyama-dera temple), we can realize two places where people give their prays to Buddhist images; one is outer sanctuary, and the other is small rooms located at the side of the main hall.
According to diaries written by nobles or documents concerning Buddhist ceremonies cereblated at temples, patrons of ceremonies or audiences of high social level take their seats at the side of halls, by making small rooms.
Therefore, during middle ages, rooms located at the side of halls were originally the space for prayers.
At the same time, they must maintain their religious purification and they can enter the hall only accompanied by priests.
The way of praying in outer sanctuary of Buddhist halls is the informal proceedings.
After the latter half of middle ages, they began not to obey above-mentioned way of praying, and they can enter halls freely.
Architectural Analysis of the Pit-dwelling House in Tomb-period
by MIYAMOTO, Nagajiro
Since A.D.3C till A.D.6C, the pit-dwelling was the most popular house and the construction of it was the more developed and unified than the former age.
I have got 4267 materials of pit dwelling house from excavation site. I analyzed about planning type, floor space, number of piller, fireplace, storing pit, bed, and entrance depending on those data to compare the difference of each district.
平成元年三月三十一日 発行
研究論集 Ⅷ
奈良国立文化財研究所学報（第47冊）
