Monograph No. 61
MEMOIRS OF THE NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE NUMBER XII
READING THE PRINCE NAGAYA’S RESIDENCE AND SECOND STREET WOODEN TABLETS
ENGLISH SUMMARY
RESEARCH REPORT OF THE NARA NATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE No.61
NARA 2001
CONTENTS
Part 1: Exploring The Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets
TATENO Kazumi
An Observation Regarding Documentary Wooden Tablets from Prince Nagaya’s Residence 3
YAMASHITA Shin’ichiro
The Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets and the Sustenance Household System 29
KANEKO Hiroyuki
Temple-Building Activities of Prince Nagaya 45
TONO Haruyuki
Observations on the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets 71
SATO Makoto
On Wooden Tablets Used as Seals 83
IWAMOTO Jiro
Kinoe and Kataoka 107
FURUOYA Tomohiro
On the Disposal of Items Confiscated in Cases of Treason 127
SERINE Shinryu
On the Names of Objects Seen in the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets 149
TADA Iori
Prince Nagaya’s Garden 183
HORIIKE Shunpo
The Daihannya Sutra Cult and its Development 201
MORI Kimiyuki
Subsequent Research on the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets 213
MORI Kimiyuki
A Bibliography on Prince Nagaya’s Residence and the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets 229
Part 2: Examining The Second Street Wooden Tablets
TERASAKI Yasuhiro
The Age of the “Second Street Wooden Tablets” from the Nara Capital 249
WATANABE Akihiro
The Second Street Wooden Tablets and Nie Offerings from the Province of Shima 259
KITO Kiyoaki
On Baggage Tallies from the Province of Awa 279
WADA Atsumu
The Nine-Headed Dragon of the Southern Mountain 301
NAOKI Kojiro
On the Hinder Palace of Emperor Shomu 321
An Observation Regarding Documentary Wooden Tablets from Prince Nagaya’s Residence
TATENO Kazumi
Among the Prince Nagaya’s Residence wooden tablets, there are a large number of documentary items made in the normal conduct of business. The varieties are many, including those (known as fu 符 and mesu 召) taking the form of an order, those (i 移) consisting of an exchange between offices not linked in a hierarchical relationship, those (ge 解, cho 牒) consisting of reports, as well as those accompanying submissions of provisions from privately owned paddies and gardens, plus rice payment slips for distributions made within the Prince's residence, and so forth. This contribution is a detailed analysis of the forms taken by these items. Of the documentary tablets mentioned above, while those known as fu, i, ge, and cho have formats prescribed by official decree, the prescriptions were not always observed. Also, there are many formats not determined by official decree. The same trend has already been pointed out for documents in the Shosoin. In actuality, we are dealing with a realm of documents too rich to be fully contained by the official prescriptions forming its core.
The Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets and the Sustenance Household System
YAMASHITA Shin’ichiro
In this contribution, the author examines the nature of the management of Prince Nagaya’s sustenance households through an analysis of the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets. The following three observations are made as a result. (1) Among the sustenance households belonging to Prince Nagaya, some were identified as being located in the Kinai region. These derive from an older form of sustenance household ownership predating the Taiho Code. (2) Among the managerial practices of Prince Nagaya’s sustenance households, from the appearance of the term zeishi 税司 and the conditions of rice seed loans, it is inferred that a practice similar to the tomoku 湯沐households maintained for the Crown Prince and Empress was followed. (3) On the other hand, from examining the practices for requisitioning materials other than rice, it is seen that the sustenance household system typical for the time, based on the ritsuryo 律令 code, was followed. In this manner, it is clear that the management of Prince Nagaya’s sustenance households was a multi-faceted endeavor.
Temple-Building Activities of Prince Nagaya
KANEKO Hiroyuki
From a synthesis of a number of items among the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets, including items bearing the characters 鏤盤所 and 仏造司, and those related to the copying of sutras, it is seen that a pagoda-building project was conducted at the residence in the latter half of the year 716 (Reiki 2). An office located in Asuka, belonging to Prince Nagaya's household administration, was in charge of the project, and of the names “Asakaze” (connected with Princess Takeno) and “Shiga,” seen in the tablets as designations for mountainside temples, it was likely the former, inferred to have been located at Asuka Inabuchi (in modern Asuka Village), that was involved. From the concentration of Prince Nagaya’s privately owned gardens in the southern part of the Nara basin, it is thought unlikely that the temple at “Shiga” was Sufukuji temple in Otsu, Shiga Prefecture, as a number of theories hold, but rather that it was very possibly located at Shiga in Yoshino Village, Yoshino County, adjacent to Asuka. Both mountainside temples are located in the vicinity of passes, and are thought to have held the charitable function of serving as roadside hostels.
Observations on the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets
TONO Haruyuki
This contribution discusses two problems connected with the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets. The first is how a wooden tablet from the Iba Site, which uses the character 矣 for the Japanese grammatical particle を, in the same manner of several examples among the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets, should be read. As the decipherment of the Prince Nagaya's Residence Wooden Tablets proceeds, items written in vernacular Japanese have received considerable attention, but similar tablets exist among those recovered at other sites, and this is one such example. This examination has shown that the date should be re-evaluated as 695 rather than 685 as had been previously thought, and that while the opening and closing phrases conform to literary examples of Chinese correspondence, the main body is written in Japanese. As the second problem, the entity referred to as mise 店 in a number of items among Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets is examined, and it is argued that this referred to a facility maintained by the household in the vicinity of the publicly operated market, as a base for conducting trade.
On Wooden Tablets Used as Seals
SATO Makoto
Wooden tablets used as seals are ancient wooden tablets in the form of a rectangular piece of wood shaped at the bottom like a battledore handle, frequently having notches cut on the right and left sides of the upper end, and which is split into two pieces from the upper end, or sometimes has a split made only partway through. These items served as seals by having a paper document placed between the two split halves, or into the partially split portion, then being tied at the notches with string across which the character for “sealed” was written in ink. There are cases where the sender and addressee were indicated in ink on the front, and the seals were generally used as a way of transmitting paper documents without allowing others to see them. Examples of these seals recovered from the Nara capital and from provincial government office sites are increasing, thus verifying the widespread acceptance of Chinese characters and the use of paper documents in ancient times.
Kinoe and Kataoka
IWAMOTO Jiro
With regard to the location of the Kinoe rice fields 木上御田 that formed part of the economic base of Prince Nagaya's household, there are theories favoring Kudara in the Hirose district and Kibe in the Taka’ichi district, both in Yamato, with the former considered to have the advantage. It is argued here, however, that a place called Kibe’ikeuchi 木戸池内 in modern Koryo Town, 2.9 km south of Kudara, is more appropriate. The reasons are: its proximity to Mitateoka no haka, the grave of Prince Nagaya’s father Prince Takechi; its listing in the administrative village of Kinohe 城戸 in the Wamyosho 和名抄; the alternate name of Kinomiya 城宮 given for the nearby Ue 於 Shrine, registered in the Engishiki 延喜式; the notation in the Prince Nagaya’s Residence wooden tablets that persons with the uji name of Kibe 木部, linguistically close to Kinoe 木上, were in the Kataoka gardens, showing that Kinoe and Kataoka (in the Umami hills) were in proximity to each other; and so forth. It is also inferred that after the Prince Nagaya Rebellion, Kinoe possibly became part of the lands held by Gufukuji and Horyuji temples in succession.
On the Disposal of Items Confiscated in Cases of Treason
FURUOYA Tomohiro
This contribution is an attempt to evaluate the disposal of Prince Nagaya’s Residence after the Rebellion, in comparison with the form of disposal of the estates of persons who committed acts of treason. According to the penal code (ritsu 律), in cases of high treason the real estate and personal belongings of the offender were confiscated by the state, and from examining actual cases of their subsequent disposal, examples in which these properties were absorbed by the financial organization of the imperial household are found to be numerous. With regard to Prince Nagaya’s Residence, from an analysis of the Second Street Wooden Tablets it is inferred that the palace of Empress Komyo was established at the site after the Rebellion. In this case as well, it can be interpreted that the property was absorbed by the imperial household's financial organization, then conferred upon the empress to become her palace, in a manner seen as natural from a comparison with other examples of confiscation by the ancient state.
On the Names of Objects Seen in the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets
SEKINE Shinryu
In the recounting of human history, the most necessary element in my view is the physical living space. What items were there in the space used in daily life, how were they made and utilized? The Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets are historical materials showing in concrete fashion the lifestyle of the highest aristocrats of the day. This contribution relates the names of objects contained in these materials, and recounts concretely what they were. In so doing I believe it has been possible, even if but to a limited degree, to illustrate the living space of the Prince’s household, from within the scope of the tablets that have been recovered.
Prince Nagaya’s Garden
TADA Iori
Among wooden tablets used for calligraphy practice recovered from Prince Nagaya’s Residence, there is a draft of a five-syllable style Chinese poem composed about a garden. The description differs in no way from the scene heretofore envisioned for the garden thought to be at the “resort in Saho.” Upon examining other poems, composed at banquets at Prince Nagaya’s Residence and found in the anthology Kaifuso 懐風藻, it is thought that the words “jewel-tower,” “jewel-house,” “jewel-study” need not necessarily refer to the Saho resort, but rather that some other garden-like facility existed, and as it was located nearby the Nara palace, Price Nagaya’s residence may have had such a facility on a modest scale. A suggestion is thus found in the Prince Nagaya’s Residence wooden tablets as well as in the anthology of a garden facility existing there.
The Daihannya Sutra Cult and its Development
HORIIKE Shunpo
The transmission of the Daihannya Sutra 大般若経 to Japan occurred by the year 703 (Taiho 3). This sutra was considered extremely vital for the protection of the state under Buddhist canon, and while chanting this sutra and making copies of it flourished, the oldest copy to survive is the one called Wadokyo 和銅経 completed in 712 (Wado 5), containing a postscript in which the name of Prince Nagaya is seen. The copy’s sponsor, the resident of “Kitamiya” seen in the postscript as well as in the wooden tablets, was Prince Nagaya’s wife Princess Kibi. In the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets the figures of shohomojin 書法模人, the calligrapher who makes the models from which to copy, and the sutra copy proofreader (bunko 文校) and others appear, showing that sutra copying was conducted in the calligraphy office (shohosho 書法所). Prince Nagaya later sponsored the sutra copy known as Jinkikyo 神亀経 in the year 728 (Jinki 5), which was completed in an office furnished for sutra copying (shakyosho 写経所). This office was created out of the previously mentioned calligraphy office.
Subsequent Research on the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets
MORI Kimiyuki
This contribution takes up a number of publications which have appeared since the author contributed a manuscript to the excavation report on the Prince Nagaya’s Residence, published in 1995, and offers a number of the author’s opinions. On the identity of the household administration’s original lord, the thesis that it was inherited from two separate households, those of Princes Takechi and Kusakabe, is introduced, and a number of issues involved with an alternate thesis, that it was inherited from Prince Takechi’s household alone, are sorted out. Next, with regard to the shape of the household’s operation, new opinions have been offered on work evaluation tablets, on various specific offices, on the locations of rice fields and vegetable gardens and the concrete manner of their management, and on the nature of the office of zeishi 税司, making an increase in the number of inquiries in these areas a characteristic of recent research. Moreover, advances in comparisons with the household management of the Nara aristocracy in general is another recent result, and based on this deeper research it is expected that examinations of the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets will make further advances in the future. Also, it has been possible through this examination to publish a revised bibliography of research on these materials.
A Bibliography on Prince Nagaya’s Residence and the Prince Nagaya’s Residence Wooden Tablets
MORI Kimiyuki
The Age of the “Second Street Wooden Tablets” from the Nara Capital
TERASAKI Yasuhiro
In 1988-89, a large volume of wooden tablets numbering over 70,000 items was recovered from two east-west ditches dug on Second Street of the Nara Capital, and named the “Second Street Wooden Tablets.” While a number of research reports have been made on the contents of this set of tablets, the current contribution aims at the basic task of clarifying the date these two ditches were abandoned.
As a result of this examination, items from the year 736 (Tenpyo 8) are seen to make up the bulk recovered from the two ditches, with ditch SD5300 on the northern side of the street filled in at the beginning of 737, and ditch SD5100 on the southern side sometime not long after the third month of 741. As the main cause for the abandonment of the ditches, it is possible to assume for the former the death from smallpox of Fujiwara no Maro, who resided in the neighboring lot to the north, and for the latter the relocation of the capital to Kuni in the twelfth month of 740.
The Second Street Wooden Tablets and Nie Offerings from the Province of Shima
WATANABE Akihiro
The province of Shima under the ritsuryo 律令 system is equal in fame to Wakasa province for Us offerings of sea produce for the emperor’s table. But until now there has been only one baggage tally found from Shima province with the character nie 贄(offering) clearly written. On the other hand, among the Second Street Wooden Tablets there are large numbers of baggage tallies from Shima which are pointed at one end (Type 051), begin their inscriptions with the administrative village name, and do not indicate a tax category; it is thought perhaps these are none other than the tallies for nie offerings from the province of Shima. From the perspective of regions which had traditionally submitted such offerings, their nature as nie was evident so there was no need to go so far as writing the character on the label. Also, it is very possible that other tablets, of the same type and on which only the amount and kind of product, mainly abalone, are written, were also baggage tallies for nie offerings from Shima. These baggage tallies can be said to preserve the most primitive form of shipping labels for nie offerings. Abalone from the province of Shima was the most quintessential among all nie offerings.
On Baggage Tallies from the Province of Awa
KITO Kiyoaki
As submissions made as cho 調 taxes from the province of Awa, there was abalone, as known from baggage tally wooden tablets, plus cloth which has survived in the Shosoin, both in accordance with the provisions of the Engishiki 延喜式, For the abalone, as the number of baggage tallies from the district of Awa in particular have survived in great numbers, this district executed a central function in the submission of taxes, and even villages separated from the sea were submitting this product. Regarding the submission of abalone as cho, a relationship can be pointed out with traditions about the founding ancestor of the Kashiwade lineage given in the Takahashi no ujibumi 高橋氏文, and for the submission of cloth, a related story concerning the Inbe lineage can be found in the Kogoshui 古語拾遺. These relations stem from the long traditions held by systems of submission of abalone and cloth themselves, and are believed to show how the original customs of submitting produce to regional chiefs were transformed, as the Yamato Court established a system of be 部 in Awa during the fifth and sixth centuries, into submissions made to the central Court.
The Nine-Headed Dragon of the Southern Mountain
WADA Atsumu
Among the wooden tablets recovered from Second Street, there is an amulet on which it is written that a great snake with nine heads and a single tail lives in still waters beneath the Southern Mountain, eating nothing to excess but devouring three thousand Chinese demons in the morning and eight hundred in the evening. The Southern Mountain is Mt. Yoshino, and this tablet is a conjoining of a legend related in Yoshino of an orochi 大蛇 (multi-headed snake) with an incantation found in the Senkin’yokuho 千金翼方 (Ch. Qianjinyifang) written by the Tang doctor Sonshi Baku 孫思邈 (Ch. Sunsi Miao). Items dating from the years 735-36 (Tenpyo 7-8) are numerous among the Second Street wooden tablets, and there are also tablets related to the imperial progress to Yoshino made in the sixth and seventh months of 736; it is possible that the Minister of Military Affairs Fujiwara no Maro, who would have been one of the first persons able to obtain a copy of the Senkin’yokuhb, authored the amulet. Various things regarding nine-headed single-tailed great snakes (or dragons) are seen in the Mahamayuri 孔雀王呪経 and various other Tantric sutras, and it is noteworthy that on an amulet wooden tablet recovered from West Fourth Ward on Ninth Street of the Fujiwara Capital, the Taoist charm 急々如律令 is seen in conjunction with an incantation taken from the Mahamayuri.
On the Hinder Palace of Emperor Shomu
NAOKI Kojiro
Among wooden tablets recovered from Second Street of the Nara Capital, there is one showing that Emperor Shomu took a woman of high social standing named Bunki, and several lower ranking court ladies, for a seven-day sojourn at the residence of Fujiwara no Maro, on the north side of Second Street. Taking this as a clue, an examination was made of the actual conditions in Emperor Shomu’s Hinder Palace (women’s quarters). Daughters of important aristocratic lineages of the time, such as the Fujiwara, Tachibana, Isonokami, and Agata no Inukai families, were in Shomu’s Hinder Palace, though the aristocratic lineage of the figure Bunki appearing in the wooden tablet is not clear. From this tablet, it is learned that oil was not only used for lamps, but was utilized in cooking as well.
二〇〇一年一月三十一日 発行
研究論集XII
長屋王家・二条大路木簡を読む
奈良国立文化財研究所学報（第61冊）
