Monograph No. 32
MEMOIRS OF THE NARA NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES NUMBER IV
CONTENTS
1. Problems of Wooden Tablets as records.
Takumi Yokota 1
2. Problem of Wooden Tablets as Taxation Tallys
Takao Imaizum 17
3. The Rites of the Statute State and Sosai of Tenjin-chigi
Masaru Kato 53
4. On Calligraphy of the Local State Report in 8th Century
Kiyoaki Kito 83
LIST OF PLATES
PL. 1 Wooden tablets as records
PL. 2 Wooden tablets as records
PL. 3 Wooden tablets as records
PL. 4 Taxation tallys of Onyu county
PL. 5 Taxation tallys of Onyu county
PL. 6 Taxation tallys of Mikata county
PL. 7 Taxation tallys of Mikata county
PL. 8 Taxation tallys of Kyushu
PL. 9 Taxation tallys; Tribute tax in kind sent to the emperor
PL. 10 Ditto; Calligraphy in the office of province
PL. 11 Ditto; Calligraphy in the office of province
PL. 12 Ditto; from Mikawa province
PL. 13 Ditto; from Mikawa province
PL. 14 Taxation tallys from provinces
PL. 15 Taxation tallys of rice and coin
PL. 16 Calligraphy on flax as tax-Yo
PL. 17 Calligraphy on silk and flax as tax
PL. 18 Census registers and Account of province
PL. 19 Census registers of Capital and Echizen province
PL. 20 Census registers of Yamashiro and Omi provinces
PL. 21 Census registers of Inaba and Sanuki provinces
PL. 22 Buddhist sutras of Nagaya o and the Empress consort Komyo
PL. 23 Wooden tablets from Nara and Fujiwara imperial palaces
PL. 24 Documents written by Ato no Otari
PL. 25 List of treasures sent to Todaiji temple from the Empress consort Komyo and Buddhist sutras in 7th century.
SYNOPSIS
Problems of Wooden Tablets as Records
Takumi Yokota
More than twenty thousand wooden tablets were excavated from the Nara imperial palace site, the ancient capital of japan from 710 to 784. This argument took up the wooden tablets as records to study these function. The inscriptions which appear on the wooden tablets may be divided into the following general groups; 1. records 2. tallys (taxation tally and tally attached to articles) 3. practicing calligraphy or scribbling.
This arguments studied the function of the wooden tablets as records. Then, the function of wooden tablets as records is divided into the following five groups; 1. order from government office, 2. report to government office, 3. applications, 4. chit of goods, 5. account note of government office.
These faculties and usage make it movement of men and articles in the palace.
Problems of Wooden Tablets as Taxation Tallys
Takao Imaizumi
Among the wooden tablets, excavated from the Nara imperial palace site, besides of records and accounts written by the government offices, taxation tallys were included. On these taxation tallys, which were attached to the goods and commodities, sent to the central government as taxes were inscribbed the following information; province, county, village, the tax payer, the category of tax, name of commodity, the amount included, and year, month and day.
The purpose of this research paper is to investigate in what part of the political structure the taxation tallys were made, and then to clarify what function they served. The political system of the ancient local government was composed of three units; the largest unit was province which was divided into counties, which consists of many villages. Examination of the tallys made it clear that they were made by an official of province, or county, and especially the latter played a greater role.
It was discovered that a county office played a main role to collect taxes, with which the task of making tallys were closely connected. After collected by a county office, they were subjected to inspection by the office dealing with tax of both the provincial and central government to be stored of the central government. It was proved that taxation tallys were necessary to pass these two official inspections.
The Rites of the Statute State (Rituryo kokka) and Sosai of Tenjin-chigi
Masaru Kato
Kinensai, Tsukinamisai and Niinamesai were formal rites celebrated by the statute state. Each of them had one ceremony named hampeino-gi. In this ceremony the shrine was bestowed hampei which was offered flax and silk to the gods at jingikan’s office (the bureau concerned with shrine and gods). Especially in hampei-no-gi of Kinensai, each of all shrines in whole country was bestowed the hampei so that it was called Tenjin-chigi-no-Sosai. Sosai meaned originally that worshipped all gods in the limited district.
During the Emperor Tenmu and the Empress Jito governed the state, in formal rites the state worshipped gods in the Kinai of the central district at that period. And in hampei-no-gi too shrines bestowed the hampei were limited in the central district. It may be given as conelusion that Sosai meaned to worship all gods in the central district at that period. After that, however, the extent of gods worshipped at Sosai was spread from the central district to whole country. I think that this transition was occured in march 702. Because in this year march the state government called kunino-miyatsukos who were local governers and then bestowed hampei-no-gi to each of shrines in whole country. As a result, the statute state became to dominate all gods in all over the country.
On the Calligraphy of the Local state report in 8th Century
Kiyoaki Kito
There are many of local state report in 8th century which show Tang style calligraphy, while those in 7th century general show Six dynasty style. This study took as questions when and by what opportunity the early Tang calligraphy was introduced to local state of japan. As the result of study, some occasions were considered that the dispatch of envoy to Tang at the beginning of 8th century was the first instance for Japanese bureaucracy to learn chiefly the early tang style, and that the state was equipped to centralize by duty accelation such as Yo and Cho so that the custum was propagated to every local state. As the supplement, the notions of the Six dynasty and early Tang style calligraphy and general calligraphic circumstance of japan in 7th century were studied.
昭和五十三年三月十五日 発行
研究論集 IV
奈良国立文化財研究所学報（第三十二冊）
